A LiDAR fiducial marker achieving 309m recognition distance — approximately 19× longer than prior work — by encoding IDs into temporal reflection patterns using a single laser return on a PDLC film. Integrated into an autonomous localization system enabling GPS-free, sub-meter accurate positioning of construction machinery in GPS-denied environments such as tunnels and open terrain.
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Sensors J. 2026PublishedSensor
LiDAR Beacon: A Long-Range LiDAR Fiducial Marker for GPS-Free Autonomous Localization of Construction Machinery
O. Sako, K. Koide, K. Yoshioka
